Canadian scientists in biofuels breakthrough

Scientists at the Ontario-based University of Guelph have said they are behind a discovery that could boost the production of biofuels.

The researchers were hoping to learn something about starch production when they inserted genetic material from corn into a small flowering plant, called Arabidopsis, often used in lab experiments because of its ease of use and its similarity to some common farm crops.

However, by tweaking the plant’s genetic profile, the researchers doubled the plant’s growth and increased seed production by more than 400%.

The findings were published in the March 2016 issue of Plant Biotechnology Journal.

 “Even if the effects in a field-grown crop were less, such as only a tenth of what we’ve seen in the lab, that would still represent an increase in yield of 40 to 50%, compared with the average 1 to 2% a year that most breeding programs deliver,” said Professor Michael Emes, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB).

Biofuels boost

He said the team’s finding could boost yields of important oilseed crops such as canola and soybean, as well as crops such as camelina, increasingly grown for biofuels.

Larger plants would capture more atmospheric carbon dioxide without increasing the amount of farmland, said Emes.

He added: “Farmers and consumers would benefit significantly in terms of food production, green energy and the environment. The ramifications are enormous.”

Accident

The finding came almost by chance.

Studying the enzyme’s effect on starch, the researchers noticed that their genetically engineered plants looked different and much larger in photos taken by lead author Fushan Liu, a former post-doctoral MCB researcher.

“That’s when we realized that we were looking at something potentially much more important,” said Ian Tetlow, an MCB professor and study co-author.

Although genetic engineering led to more flowers and pods containing seeds, it left the seed composition unchanged.

“The seeds are where we would get the oil from, and consistent composition is important so that the function and use of the oil isn’t changed,” said Tetlow.

The researchers plan to test canola and other crops. Field tests and analysis with industry and government will likely take several years.

“This could have enormous implications for agriculture, carbon capture, food production, animal feedstocks and biodiesel,” said Emes.

He explained: “These findings are without parallel, and we came to them almost by accident. The reason we started the work was to test some ideas in basic science. It just goes to show that you never know where that science will take you.”