Advancements in biofuel raw materials

Recently, there has been a growing focus on biofuels as an alternative to nonrenewable fossil fuels, and current biofuels are primarily made from sugar, starch, and oilseed crops [1].
However, these feedstocks pose several challenges that harm scalability, including sustainability, land exploitation, and food production competition.
For example, in the US Midwest, vast acres of farmland are used to produce solely corn and soybeans, with a large portion used as biofuel feedstock.
The machines and land use during the agricultural process release emissions, displace land, and cause water and air pollution that negatively impact human health [2].
As a result of these issues, researchers are exploring alternative raw materials that are more sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly.
This paper synthesises numerous recent advancements in the development and optimization of raw materials, specifically exploring lignocellulosic biomass and other waste products, like cooking oil and plastic solid waste, as emerging or re-evaluated feedstocks.
Advancement in Biofuel Raw Materials Literature Review
Lignocellulosic...